Open Notice

to ALL

Public Officials

Three Guarantees of Freedom

Failure to heed this Warning

And/or proceeding unlawfully

may carry serious

criminal penalties,

personal danger

and civil liability!

Intentional Ignorance of the

Law is sure Evidence of Reckless Disregard for Life and Property Treason, Sedition, Fraud and criminal violations

 

ć The Purpose of this Affidavit is to remove all "presumptions" and "assumptions" – to specifically deny any and all unilateral "commercial contracts" presumed by any perceived silent acquiescence and to openly and notoriously declare my lawful status as a Free man "WITHOUT" jurisdiction of any government repugnate to the Laws of God and the Law of the Land.

I, Steve Douglas, Gartin am a child of the EverLiving God, Yahweh.

As a Free Gift, by Divine Grace, in covenant with Yahweh, I am a Free Man.

I am EXPRESSLY and IMPLICITLY NOT a "citizen," servant or property of the de facto Military Dictatorship known in corporate legal fiction as the UNITED STATES, U.S., United States of America and other nam de guerres, operating fraudulently under the WarPowers of the Executive Branch.

I EXPRESSLY and INTENTIONALLY receive NO benefits from this illitimate Military Dictatorship.

I owe NO alliegence to this illegitimate Military Dictatorship presently administered by William Jefferson Clinton, Esquire – a title of nobility EXPRESSLY forbidden by the Constitution for the united States of America AND the corporate Compact for the UNITED STATES.

I pay NO tribute to this illegitimate Military Dictatorship marked by War, Genocide, Oppression, Fraud and Economic Manipulation from the genesis of the regime when Abraham Lincoln unConstitutionally declared a War of Aggression upon the Sovereign Nations of the South.

I will tolerate NO more abuses, frauds, deprivations and Acts of War by those "pretending" to protect and serve the People.

American Peace FlagAs my ForeFathers, the pious Founders of this Godly Nation calmly stated ON THE RECORD, in response to identical abuses; "Don’t Tread on Me!"

I pray without ceasing that Peace will come to my Homeland. It is my desire to be at Peace with all Men of Good Will. I sincerely hope that the "state of open hostility" declared against me, a free sovereign Citizen of the California Republic domiciled in Colorado will be abated before I, too – like my ForeFathers, must Declare the Necessity of Taking Up Arms.

I plead with all Government agencies to seek Peace with the People BEFORE the logical consequences of your lawlessness leads to its inevitable conclusion.

We, the People, are a Free Nation We will NOT accept tyranny in any form – We will NOT accept slavery in any disguise and We will NOT tolerate "public officials" conducting unGodly affairs in the Name and by the Authority of the People who are ultimately required to serve in Slavery to repay foreign agents for the credit AND the usury to support those unGodly Government activities.

Contents

Foundation of Law *

SOLEMN DECLARATION *

SIGNER OF THIS DECLARATION *

Statement of Political Allegiance *

Affirmation of the Christ county Compact *

Affidavit of Expatriation *

JUDICIAL NOTICE / DEMAND FOR RIGHTS *

Official Notice *

WARNING *

AFFIDAVIT OF TAX-EXEMPT FOREIGN STATUS *

DECLARATION OF THE CAUSES AND NECESSITY OF TAKING UP ARMS, *

A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms. *

BACKGROUND: *

Supporting Authorities *

Ten Commandments of YAHWEH *

Rights secured by the Colorado Constitution *

Section 3. Inalienable rights. *

Section 4. Religious freedom. *

Section 6. Equality of justice. *

Section 7. Security of person and property - searches - seizures - warrants. *

Section 16. Criminal prosecutions - rights of defendant. *

Section 20. Excessive bail, fines or punishment. *

Section 25. Due process of law. *

Officers requirements TITLE XII Colorado Constitution *

The Constitution for the united States of America *

Preamble to the united States Constitution *

Article I. *

Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power *

Article II. *

Article III. *

Article IV *

Article V. *

Article VI. *

Article VII. *

AMENDMENTS: The united States Bill of Rights. *

Illegitimate Legislation by corrupted "Congress" after the War of 1812 *

The Colorado Revised Statutes *

2-4-201 – Intentions in the enactment of statutes. *

2-3-802 – Legislative declaration. *

22-1-108 - Federal constitution to be taught. *

2-5-103-Preparation of Colorado Revised Statutes. *

2-4-211 - Common law of England. *

2-4-102 - Singular and plural. *

2-4-101 - Common and technical usage. *

UNITED STATES CODE *

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 13 - CIVIL RIGHTS *

§ 1621. Perjury generally *

§ 1622. Subornation of perjury *

§ 1746. Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury *

CHAPTER 96 - RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS *

§ 1964. Civil remedies *

CHAPTER 13 - CIVIL RIGHTS *

Sec. 241. Conspiracy against rights *

Sec. 242. Deprivation of rights under color of law *

CHAPTER 42 - CIVIL RIGHTS *

§ 1983. Civil action for deprivation of rights *

§ 1985. Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights *

§ 1986. Action for neglect to prevent *

§ 1988. Proceedings in vindication of civil rights *

§ 2000aa-6. Civil actions by aggrieved persons *

F.R.C.P. IX. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS *

Rule 73. Magistrate Judges; *

War Powers Act Public Law 93-148 *

Quotes: the Founding Fathers *

Sources of Information – Essays fully reproduced *

"THE REAL THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT" *

The Missing Thirteenth Amendment *

"TITLES OF NOBILITY" AND "HONOUR" *

MEANING of the Thirteenth Amendment *

HISTORICAL CONTEXT *

PAPER MONEY *

CONSPIRACIES *

TITLES OF NOBILITY *

INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION *

HONOR *

PARADISE LOST, RATIFICATION FOUND *

THE AMENDMENT DISAPPEARS *

SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOVAL *

ARGUMENTS *

PROS AND CONS (for Ratification) *

YES VIRGINIA, THERE IS A RATIFICATION *

RATIONALES (for Ratification) *

INSULT TO INJURY *

ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS: *

Titles of Nobility - DEFINITIONS *

Declaration of Constitutional Principles *

General Principles: *

Liberty of Movement *

SPECIAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY *

War and Emergency Powers *

INTRODUCTION *

Is the Act of March 9, 1933, treason? *

CONCLUSION *

Example Letter to the President *

Example Letter to the House of Representatives *

Example Letter to the United States Senate *

 

Index of pertinent FACTS

Foundation of Law

Hear Moses, from the Fourth Chapter of Deuteronomy, joining at the Fifth Verse: "Attend to me as I teach you the constitutions and decrees which the Ever-Living, my God, commands you to practise when you arrive in the country which you are going to possess, and guard them, and practise them; - for they will make you wise and intelligent in the eyes of the Peoples who hear all these constitutions, who will say; "This is a wise and intelligent People – this is a Great Nation!" [4: 5-6 FF]

For the Ever-Living selected you and brought you from the iron works of the Mitzeraim, to be a People for Himself, - as you are to-day. [20-21]

When you have begotten children and children’s children, and are in the country, and have corrupted yourselves, and make carved images, and do evil in the eyes of your Ever-Living God, provoking Him; - I call to witness to-day the Heavens and the Earth to witness to you, that perishing you shall perish quickly from off the land which you pass over the Jordan to possess;. . . . . .

But if you should from there entreat your Ever-Living God, and decide to seek Him with all your heart, and with all your soul, - strengthen yourselves, and encourage yourselves with all these events, after long periods, and return to your Ever-Living God, and listen to His voice; - for your Ever-Living God is a merciful God; He will not desert you and will not turn from you, and will not forget the covenant with your fathers, which He swore to them. Therefore search, now, the former times that were before you, from the time when God constructed man upon the earth, and from one extreme of the heavens to the other extreme of the heavens, has there ever been such a great event as this? -or has there been heard it like? - a People who heard the Voice of God speaking from amid the fire, as you heard it, and lived? Or that God attempted to go and take for Himself one nation from the breast of another nation, with trials, with miracles, and portents, and war, and with a strong hand, and a directing arm, and great manifestations, such as all those your Ever-Living God has made in your sight upon the Mitzeraim for you?

Then see, and learn that the Ever-Living is God, and except Him NONE! From the heavens you have heard His Voice! – when He taught you, - and upon earth you have seen His Great Fire! – and heard His commands from the midst of the fire; because He loved your fathers, and chose their race after them, and brought you by His great might to His Presence from among the Mitzeraim, and will drive great and more powerful nations than you before your face, to bring you to, to give you, their country as a possession, - as at this day! Therefore learn to-day, - and fix it in you heart, - that the Ever-Living, He is God in heaven, and upon the earth, - and except Him there is no other!

So keep His institutions, and His commandments, which I commanded you to-day, that you may prosper, and you children after you; - and then your days will be long upon the land which your Ever-Living God will give to you for all time."

 

SOLEMN DECLARATION

A MODERN AMERICAN DECLARATION OF LIBERTY

Our forefathers, in establishing this Republic, taught that man made institutions have no authority to grant or deny that which has been established by God.

They taught that unalienable rights are endowed upon us by God (Yehweh), the Creator, and that governments exist not to grant or deny these rights, but to protect them.

They stated that it becomes necessary in the course of human events from time to time for a people to dissolve themselves from the political bonds that hold them.

They recognized and warned the citizenry that a federal government could become too strong and they went to great lengths to insure a federal government that was checked within itself by a balance of powers and that was the agent of sovereign state governments that made up the union.

This was to insure that the federal government did not, "usurp from the States all government in little as in great things, when all government shall be drawn to Washington as the center of power it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another and will become as oppressive as the government from which we separated." Thomas Jefferson.

Such times are now upon us. The original Constitution of this Republic, and its intent, has been so grossly misrepresented, misinterpreted and wrested that it is scarcely recognizable.

Professional politicians, who have made careers and fortunes out of public service have, in many cases, sold out the interests of the united States to international banking and finance interests and their organizations.

Thereby, the system established by our forefathers is having its very purpose (to protect each citizen’s life, liberty and pursuit of happiness) corrupted.

As a result, we reaffirm the following truths to be self evident :

That all men are created equal,

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,

among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

That to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

That whenever any government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

Prudence dictates that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience shows that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing that to which they are accustomed.

But when a long train of abuses, usurpations, cover-ups and mis-appropriation, pursuing invariably the same object depicts a design to reduce them to absolute despotism, it is the right of the people, it is their duty, to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security.

We are at this point and juncture in history of this Republic.

The forces moving us toward godless totalitarianism compel us to reaffirm the constitutional intent of our forefathers and disassociate ourselves from the usurpations, misappropriations, misinterpretations, corruption and humanism which infects our federal government’s elected and appointed officials, and return our federal government to the more limited form our forefathers established.

The recent history of the federal government is one of repeated injury and usurpation ultimately leading to a tyrannical, godless, corporate totalitarianism.

To illustrate this, let the following conditions speak for themselves :

Officials of the federal government, elected and appointed have :

Been unduly influenced by "special interests" and "lobbyist" who buy votes to pass law not in the common good.

Created laws which deny many citizens their property rights for frivolous and ill-defined reasons.

Created laws infringing on the rights of law abiding citizens to bear arms in direct violation of rights guaranteed in the Constitution.

Created laws to redistribute the wealth of the working citizenry through a heavy, progressive income tax, violating the Constitution.

Denied the rights of inheritance to citizens of this Republic by imposing heavy inheritance taxes, further redistributing the wealth.

Undermined our sovereignty by signing treaties allowing arbitration of U.S. citizens’ rights by foreign bodies.

Created "acts" establishing an unconstitutional framework of "Emergency Powers" and "Executive Orders" which are dictatorial in nature.

Maintained an unwarranted state of emergency since 1933 enabling "Executive Orders", which hang over the head of this people.

Established a privately owned, central bank that regulates the monetary system of this Republic, in violation of the Constitution.

Served baseless warrants on, brought siege to, bombed, burned and killed citizens, covering up the same allowing the guilty to go unpunished.

Weakened the free market through excessive regulation of Agriculture, Manufacturing, Communications and Transportation.

Dictated to property owners who they can and cannot sell to and excessively taxed capitol gains from such sales.

Denied our heritage by declaring it unconstitutional to teach the Godly values this Republic rests on in public schools.

Over regulated who employers may hire, how much to pay and the conditions in the work place, further weakening the free market.

Destroyed the initiative of large portions of the citizenry by maintaining over decades a decadent, fraudulent social welfare system.

Created laws and agencies to maintain power structures and regulations put in place to implement all of the above and control this people.

Destroyed the progeny, future generations and the wellspring of tranquillity in our society by legalizing and supporting the wanton murder of the innocent unborn.

Utilized citizen tax moneys to support base pornography and depictions of decrepit practices in the name of Art.

Made a mockery of criminal justice by supporting supposed criminal rights over the rights of the injured.

Housed foreign national armies on U.S. soil to unwarranted purposes in growing numbers, thereby creating a Trojan Horse in our land.

Colluded with mass media, which is owned by the principals of the central bank, to keep these truths away from the American citizenry.

Colluded with a "Council on Foreign Relations" and other bodies, whose members represent the power brokers in both major political parties, the principals in the central bank and mass media, to enact laws, regulations, policies and agencies in pursuit of their primary goal which is the establishment of world governance ruled over by the principle financial powers of this earth.

In fact, our "public servants" have placed this Republic on the road to totalitarianism in a Marxist or Fascist form, following plans set forth in, among other places, the Communist Manifesto for the overthrow of a republic based on the free market.

In every stage of these injustices, American citizens who have petitioned for redress or sought to expose the above stated designs have been answered by repeated injury, slander, criminalization, imprisonment and death.

A governing body whose character (either knowingly or blindly) is thus marked by every act that would define tyranny is unfit to rule a free people.

It may be argued that many of these actions were taken by "duly elected" or appointed officials performing these on behalf of the people.

To this we say that a close examination of the electronic voting practices used in this nations will show the potential for (an in many case in fact) incredible fraud. In addition, no governing body, who have taken an oath to protect and defend the constitution, has the right or the authority to alter or change that constitution, except by means provided for within the constitution itself. Changes in the name of "States of Emergency", "Executive Order", "UN Treaties", "Initiatives", "Acts", "Proclamation", "Presidential Directives"" or any other avenue outside of constitutional amendment, properly ratified by the people of the several states, represent a violation of the oath of office and establishes those involved as enemies of "We the People".

Without immediate reversals of encroachments on our liberties, the time is short before our recourse must be either to resort to the measures our founding fathers took to establish this nation, or lose our liberties and way of life, if not our very lives.

We therefore, appealing to the Supreme Judge for the rectitude of our intentions, do solemnly resolve on our sacred honor, as God loving Americans, to immediately stand up for liberty and our way of life. We the People of this great Republic :

    1. Demand the immediate removal of all foreign troops stationed on the sovereign soil of the united States of America.
    2. Demand that the War Powers Act,
    3. the Emergency Powers Act
    4. and the Federal Reserve Act be rescinded.
    5. Demand an immediate end to the unconstitutional practice of Executive Orders and a rescission of all Executive Orders.
    6. Demand any acts and agencies derived from the War Powers, Emergency Powers or Federal Reserve Acts or Executive Orders be dissolved.
    7. Demand an immediate rescission of the "National Emergency" maintained in this nation by Executive Order.
    8. Demand the immediate removal of the united States from the foreign body known as the "United Nations".
    9. Demand an end to all United Nations funding both military programs and all other UN programs.
    10. Urge all local government and educational institutions to disavow the blackmail and social restructuring of federal funds.
    11. Urge all citizens to become self sufficient as individuals, as families, as localities, as counties and as states.
    12. Urge all liberty loving citizens to prepare, with God’s help, to take the same course of action that our forefathers took in fighting tyranny.

Through such actions, our God fearing founders established this Republic and the inspired Declaration of Independence, Constitution & Bill of Rights that define it.

So, may God bless our efforts, even as He blessed our founding fathers, to overcome the tyrannical forces amassed against liberty, who are inconsequential when compared to the God of this land, the Almighty Creator, Who has granted us our liberty and in whose hands we commit our efforts.

SIGNER OF THIS DECLARATION

Statement of Political Allegiance

Greetings and salutations from My Sovereign Lord and Saviour, Jesus, The Christ, and Myself by Visitation.

My Lawful Christian Name is Steve Douglas, and My surname is Gartin, spelled in Proper English Steve Douglas, Gartin. This is how My Name is written in the Lamb’s Book of Life, and this is how I am to be known among Men. I am not, nor is it Lawful for Me to assume, the unlawful persona designata STEVE GARTIN, STEVEN D. GARTIN, Steve D. Gartin, or any other nom de guerre or commercial fiction.

I am who My Sovereign says I am, and I am no other. "Men are not included under the denomination of merchandise, and it interests the state that men be preserved."

The Law which binds My Conscience, compels My Obedience, and orders My Conversation among Men, is the whole Counsel of the Living God as it has been revealed, preserved, and received immemorial by the Christian Church in both The Old and The New Testaments of the Authorised Version of the Holy Bible.

In accordance with this Law, to which I owe political allegiance, and with express intention to fulfill My sworn Duty thereunto as a Good and Lawful Christian Man and as Executor of the Will of My Heavenly Father and the Testament of His Son, Jesus, The Christ, known to the ancient Hebrew Children of the EverLiving as Yahshewa.

I hereby declare and make known My Purpose to defend the Crown Rights of My Sovereign and the sacred Honour of The Christian Assembly, which He has purchased with His own Blood, and which

He has commissioned His Assembly to disciple the nations, from the willful acts and wicked slander of His and Our enemies, and to occupy His Lands and maintain His Possessions until He returns. "It concerns the state that men’s last wills be held valid," "The last will of a testator is to be thoroughly fulfilled according to his real intentions," and, "The wicked or malicious designs of men must be thwarted."

In My Sovereign Lord and Saviour, Jesus, The Christ, Yahshewa I have been made alive, am justified, and, through repentance, am excused from further performance to any contract foreign to and inimical to His Dominion and Government.

It is not the Will of My Heavenly Father that I assume or accept any suretyship, license, commercial enumeration, social insurance or welfare, citizenship, residence, or any other benefit, gift, or emolument whatsoever, which shall render this Good and Lawful Christian Man subject to the jurisdiction of a bankrupt and civilly dead corporation, agency, or person, thereby unlawfully joining this Temple of the Holy Spirit to a harlot and thus violating the express Command of the Living God to "flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul" (Jeremiah 51:6a). I believe "Babylon" to be the Central Bank System of International Commerce represented in the united States as the Federal Reserve Bank.

"A privilege or benefit is not granted against one’s will," and it is not the Will of My Heavenly Father that His Church/Assembly be so defiled. "No one is able to do a thing, unless he can do it lawfully." As Christ has commanded Good and Lawful Christian Men to be at peace amongst Themselves and with all Men, so do I seek and shall pursue peace with My Brethren in this state, for "it especially concerns the state that peace be preserved in the kingdom, and that whatever things are against peace be prudently avoided."

In conclusion of this Matter, let all Men in My audience this Day hear the Word of the Living and True God, Yahweh:

The LORD is our judge, the LORD Yahshewa is our lawgiver, the LORD Yahshewa is our king; He will save us (Isaiah 33:22).

Thus satin the LORD of hosts; The children of Israel and the children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them captives held them fast; they refused to let them go.

Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of hosts is His name: He shall thoroughly plead their cause, that He may give rest to the land, and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon (Jeremiah 50:34).

I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee. Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thin inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. Thou shalt dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.

Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth. Serve the LORD with reverence, and rejoice with trembling.

Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in him (Psalm 2:7-12).

May The Living and True God vindicate the Cause of His Son and of His Church. Amen.

ThunderRock, UnIncorporated is foreign to the corporate UNITED STATES and all political subdivisions thereof. Pursuant to Philippians 3:20 and 1 Peter 2:9, the Stewards of this Ministry do hereby retain their Rights, Privileges, and Immunities in Jesus, The Christ under The Law of God and The Christian common Law of the Land wherein they sojourn. Interest republicae quod Probi et Legales Homines Christianes conserventur. All Patrons of this Ministry shall be presumed to be in agreement with these terms. This Ministry exists solely for the edification of The Christian Assembly.. This Ministry is not registered as a non-profit corporation under Title 26, United States Code, Section 501©(3); contributions to this Ministry are not tax-deductible.

Affirmation of the Christ county Compact

Be it Known and Remembered by

All to Whom these Presents shall come, that:

I, the Undersigned, having sworn allegiance to Yahshewa - My Lord and King Jesus, the Christ, Son of the One True God, and forsaken all other kings, do hereby give Notice of My Oath, and do hereby Join with the People of Christ County, Kingdom of God, and affirm the following Compact, to wit:

We, the Peculiar People of Christ county, kingdom of God, Servants Dedicated to the House of Our Sovereign Lord and King, Jesus, the Christ, the First and the Last, and in the Presence of YWYH, Who Bears Witness with Us meeting in Lawful popular Assembly by the Authority and Power of Our King, that We may Glorify and Honor Our Heavenly Father,

Who created Us through His Son, Jesus, the Christ,

and Obey the Will of Our King,

Seek His Kingdom and Righteousness,

Preserve His ecclesia, and

Advance His Faith, Blessings, and Providence,

in Order to Secure the Lives, Liberties, and Properties

given to Us by Our King;

do solemnly and mutually make This Oath

to covenant and combine Ourselves together into the Ecclesia known as Christ county, kingdom of God, and located in Colorado; and by the Inspiration of Our King, do solemnly give Notice to Christ's Church and all the world, that Our Positive Law is the Holy Scriptures as written in their Original Tongues and translated into the Books of the Ferrar Fenton Bible, Anno Domini, nineteen hundred and six, which is the Living Word of God, and the Law of Our Hearts, Land, Banner, and courts;

that said Holy Scriptures are made a part hereof as though fully presented herein, unto which We promise all due submission and obedience, and by which We shall administer Christendom to Further the Righteous Ends aforesaid; and do extend the same to God's People of like Mind and Heart, throughout the earth; For ever and ever. In the Name of Yahshewa - Jesus, the Christ. Amen.

In Witness whereof, and to Duly Authorize This Compact, I have hereunto below written My Christian Appellation, and sealed the Same, on the First day of the First month, in the year of Our Lord and Saviour Yahshewa - Jesus, the Christ, nineteen hundred and ninety-nine.

By the Grace of Yahshewa - Jesus, the Christ, I have the Honor of being a Christian.

__________________________________________________________________________________

 

Common Law Copyright

Affidavit of Expatriation

by the Sovereign Steve Douglas, Gartin

Colorado {a foreign country from the District of Columbia} )

) ss. People in Colorado TO:

Jefferson county {comitatus} )

Office of the secretary of state, Victoria Buckley, Esquire, sec.

Common Law Affidavit by Steve Douglas, Gartin

In the name and by the authority of the People in Colorado, this freeman character, Brought to you Steve Douglas, Gartin, being Jus Soli, Jus Sanguinis, Jure Coronę, Sui Juris character hereby attests under Common Law copyright his special character of freeman, owing NO allegiance to the "res" in trust of the municipal corporation a/k/a United States, by acts of congress "within" the United States, but on the contrary, I, Steve Douglas, Gartin, freeman character have secured, protected, defended, and guaranteed natural Law unalienable Right of Inheritance from Almighty God, through our Redeemer, Yahshewa - Jesus the Messiah, the Creator by the Alpha and the Omega in Holy Scriptures as in Genesis and Revelations, under our natural law, and by our unalienable Birthright, being of the Caucasian race of People of the Posterity a/k/a Israel, and by this Lawful Precept have made known publicly to all People of the Posterity in this country of Colorado, and for our Courts of Justice record in this original, extraordinary, extra-judicial writ of proclamation, this freeman character Steve Douglas, Gartin hereby copyrights by our supremacy Common Law his corporal hereditaments, his corporeal hereditaments and his hereditary succession by Right of Inheritance from Almighty God, nunc pro tunc to the Twentieth day of the Third Month, in the year of our Almighty God, through our Redeemer, Jesus the Messiah, Nineteen Hundred and Forty Nine, Anno Domini.

The statements in this Common Law affidavit by the freeman character Steve Douglas, Gartin under our sole and exclusive Right of self-governing as a free sovereign and independent State are true, correct, and relevant to the best of my knowledge and belief; and, "But before all, my brethren, do not swear, neither by the heavens, nor by the earth, nor any other kind of oath: but let your yes be yes; and your no, no; so that you may not fall under a sentence." JAMES 5 : 12 HOLY SCRIPTURES

With special, express and explicit reservation of all God-given unalienable Rights,

Waiving none ever in this country of Colorado, in America.

teste meipso this First day of the Fourth Month, in the year of our Almighty God, through our Redeemer, Jesus the Messiah, Nineteen Hundred Ninety Eight, Anno Domini.

_________________________________________________________________________

Steve Douglas, Gartin, Jus Soli, Jus Sanguinis, Jure Coronę, Sui Juris, Freeman Character In Law - - - Jurat in Law: teste this First day of the Fourth Month in the Year of Our Lord , Nineteen Hundred Ninety Eight, A.D.

JUDICIAL NOTICE / DEMAND FOR RIGHTS

Know all men by these presents, that I, Steve Douglas, Gartin, do travel upon the highways and roads of these united States as a matter of asserted Common Law rights.

That I assert my full sovereignty as a free and natural Christian man under the Common Law secured by the Constitution of the United States of America, to wit:

1. "The use of the highway for the purpose of travel and transportation is not a mere privilege but a common and fundamental right of which the public and individuals cannot rightfully be deprived." Chicago Motor Coach v. Chicago, 337 Ill. 200, 169 NE 22, 66 ALR 834. Ligare v. Chicago, 139 Ill. 46, 28 NE 934. Boone v. Clark, 214 SW 607; 25 AM JUR (1st) Highways, Sec. 163.

2. "The right of the Citizen to travel upon the public highways and to transport his property thereon, either by a carriage Or automobile, is not a mere privilege which a City may prohibit or permit at will, but a common right which he has under the right to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Thompson v. Smith 154 SE 579.

3. "The right to travel is part of the Liberty of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment." Kent v. Dulles 357 U.S. 116, 125.

4. "Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rule-making or legislation which would abrogate them." Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436, 491.

5. "The claim and exercise of a Constitutional right cannot be converted into a crime." Miller v. U.S. 230 F 2d 486, 489.

6. "Our system of government, based upon the individuality and intelligence of the citizen, the state does not claim to control him, except as his conduct to others, leaving him the sole judge as to all that only affects himself." Mugler v. Kansas 123 U.S. 623, 659-6O.

This statement has been submitted upon demand of a driver's license, registration, proof of insurance, and, therefore, is part of the official record of any ensuing action and must be introduced as evidence in said action.

It will be noted that willful suppression of evidence is a felony. Any cause for action will result in action under Title 42, Section 1983 U.S.C.

Signed by:___________________________________________

In Propria Persona

 

Official Notice

To: ANY OFFICER CAUSING MY ARREST

AS A TRAINED PROFESSIONAL IN THE FIELD OF LAW ENFORCEMENT YOU ARE PRESUMED TO BE AWARE OF, AND ARE REQUIRED TO UPHOLD,THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTIONS IDENTIFIED HEREIN. YOUR FAILURE OF DUTY TO ASSURE THAT THESE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTIONS ARE MET WILL BE USED AS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF YOUR WILLFUL DISREGARD OF MY CIVIL RIGHTS.

Notice is hereby given to any official causing my arrest and/or detention:

First: That the individual which you have placed in your custody (arrested) demands all of his rights at all times and does not waive any of his rights at anytime, including his right to time and property.

Second: The individual you have placed in your custody is a civil rights investigator and you are hereby warned that from the time you have come in contact with me your actions have been scrutinized.

Third: This notice is made in good faith. As to the criminal prosecutions, after your complete identification to me by rank, proof of agency and or title, you have the right to remain silent and anything you say from this point forward will be used against you in a form of criminal affidavits and civil sanctions. You have the right to have counsel present before any interrogation or civil disclosure.

Fourth: These are the demands to be met by an arresting officer to avoid Civil and criminal penalties:

1) Warrantless arrest: You are not to arrest me unless you have seen me commit an arrestable act or omission or have exigent circumstances to cause the arrest.

2) Arrest upon warrant: The arrest warrant must be in your possession, must be supported by a 4th Amendment Affidavit, United States Constitution attached to the warrant, 6th amendment requirement, 5th and 14th Amendment right to face accuser.

3) If you act unreasonably in your investigation, or use excessive force, it is a 4th amendment violation, violating clearly established law.

4) The arrest can not be based upon hearsay unless supported by warrant with a bonafide affidavit based upon first hand knowledge of the warrant, charging me with a felony or infamous crime.

5) If you are arresting me without a warrant, you must take me immediately before a judicial officer of competent jurisdiction to determine whether the arrest was lawful or if there was probable cause for the arrest pursuant to clearly established law. This demand must be met prior to booking. If you do not comply with this demand you will be sued. Court rules, and the Supreme courts, have held that the courts are open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year.

6) If it is determined that the alleged warrant is invalid, you will be sued and held liable in your official capacity as well as personally.

7) If you arrest me without a warrant in your possession, or with a warrant that does not comply with the 4th amendment requirements, you will be sued in your personal capacity.

YOUR PERSONAL PROPERTY WILL BE AT RISK!

8) You may not take any property or wrongfully convert my property such as my personal photograph or fingerprints without written authority after an adversarial proceeding which completely complies with 5th and 14th amendment due process rights, concluded with a signed order by a judicial officer of competent jurisdiction, ordering the taking of said property.

9) I must be given a phone call forthwith to contact my outside counsel or friends.

10) I must be given adequate access to a law library, pen/paper, (or computer) to prepare my Habeas Corpus’ and any other legal process.

11) If this is an otherwise valid warrant arrest, it is your personal responsibility to assure that I am brought before a neutral judicial officer of competent jurisdiction forthwith, and if no neutral judicial officer of competent jurisdiction is immediately available, that I am brought before such judicial officer as soon as one is available, and under no circumstances may that time exceed thirty six hours. The Supreme courts have held that the courts are open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, 395 days a year.

12) A COPY OF THIS INSTRUMENT MAY BECOME PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF YOUR BAD FAITH.

IF YOU IGNORE THESE WARNINGS IT WILL BE A SHOWING OF BAD FAITH ON YOUR PART AND PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF YOUR DELIBERATE INDIFFERENCE TO CONSTITUTIONALLY MANDATED RIGHTS.

WARNING

YOU must now:

1. Provide me certified proof of your Delegation of AUTHORITY (Official Identification) and,

2. Inform me of the CAUSE AND NATURE of the offense you believe you observed me commit, or

3. Show and serve upon me a copy of a genuine, bonafide, 4TH Amendment Arrest Warrant, with attached affidavit, or,

4. Take me immediately before a judicial officer of Competent Jurisdiction and SHOW GOOD CAUSE for your SEIZURE of my PERSON.

Violation of these Constitutional requirements will result in Criminal and/or Civil proceedings against you in State and/or Federal Court.

Yours Truly Steve Douglas, Gartin -Citizen of Christ County, Colorado, united States of America

General Delivery Denver, Colorado Zip exempt no phone

AFFIDAVIT OF TAX-EXEMPT FOREIGN STATUS

For the purposes of this Affidavit, the terms "United States" and "U.S." mean only the Federal Legislative Democracy of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any other Territory within the "United States," which entity has its origin and jurisdiction from Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17-18 and Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution for the United States of America. The terms "United States" and "U.S." are NOT to be construed to mean or include the sovereign, united 50 states of America.

  1. Neither born nor naturalized in the "United States" nor "subject to its jurisdiction," I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 CFR 1.1-1(c) and the 14th Amendment, a "U.S. citizen." Therefore I AM an "alien" with respect to the "United States."
  2. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 USC 865(g)(1)(A), a "resident of the U.S."
  3. I have NEVER made, with ANY "knowingly intelligent acts" (Brady v. U.S., 397 U.S. 742, 748), ANY voluntary election under 26 USC 6013 or 26 CFR 1.871-4 to be treated as a "U.S. resident alien" for any purpose. Further, I have utterly NO intention of making such election in the future.
  4. I AM, as described in 26 USC 865(g)(1)(B), a "nonresident alien" of the "United States."
  5. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 USC 7701(a)(30), a "U.S. person."
  6. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 USC 7701(a)(14), a "taxpayer."
  7. I do NOT have and never had, as described in 26 USC 911(d)(3), a "tax home within the U.S."
  8. I AM therefore, as described in 26 CFR 1.871-2 and 26 USC 7701(b), a "nonresident alien" with respect to the "United States" and am outside the general venue and jurisdiction of the "U.S."
  9. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 USC 3401, an "officer," or an "employee," or an "elected official" (of the "United States," or of a "State" or of any political subdivision thereof, nor of the District of Columbia, nor of a "domestic" corporation) earning "wages" from an "employer."
  10. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 31 USC 3713, a "fiduciary," or, as described in 26 USC 6901, a "transferee" or a "transferee of a transferee."
  11. I am NOT and never have been, as described in 26 USC Subtitle B, a "donor" or a "contributor," and as a "nonresident alien" excluded under 26 USC 2501(a)(2), I am EXEMPT from any gift tax under 26 USC Subtitle B.
  12. As a "nonresident alien" NOT engaged in or effectively connected with any "trade or business within the United States" I am NOT REQUIRED by law to obtain a "U.S." Taxpayer Identification Number or a Social Security Number because of my exemption under 26 CFR 301.6109-1(g). Further, I am NOT REQUIRED by law to make, as described in 26 CFR 1.6015(a)-1, a "declaration" because I am exempt under 26 CFR 1.6015(i)-1 and fundamental law.
  13. As a "nonresident alien," I have NO "self-employment income," as described in 26 CFR 1.1402(9b)-3(d).
  14. As a "nonresident alien," I derived NO "gross income... from sources within the United States," --either "effectively connected" or "not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States," as described in 26 USC 872(a).
  15. As a "nonresident alien," my private-sector remuneration is "from sources without the United States" as described in 26 CFR 1.1441-3(a), does NOT constitute 26 USC 3401 "wages," and is therefore NOT "subject to" mandatory withholding under 26 USC 3402(a), 3101(a), or 26 CFR 1.1441-1, because of its EXEMPTION under 26 USC 3401(a)(6) and fundamental law.
  16. As a "nonresident alien," I did NEVER intentionally make, with ANY "knowingly intelligent acts," ANY voluntary withholding "agreement" as described in 26 USC 3402(p).
  17. As a "nonresident alien," my income is NOT included in "gross income" under Subtitle A and is EXEMPT from withholding according to 26 CFR 1.441-3(a) and 26 CFR 31.3401(a)(6)-1(b).
  18. As a "nonresident alien," with NO income "from sources within the United States," my private-sector, non-"U.S." income is FREE from all federal tax under fundamental law (see Treasury Decisions 3146 and 3640, and United States v. Morris, 125 F.Rept. 322, 331).
  19. As a "nonresident alien," my estate and/or trust is, as described in 26 USC 7701(a)(31), a TAX-EXEMPT "foreign estate or trust."
  20. As a "natural born Citizen" (II:1:5 of the Constitution), free Sovereign, American Citizen and "nonresident alien" with respect to the federal "United State," I did NEVER voluntarily, intentionally waive, with ANY "knowingly intelligent acts" ANY of my unalienable rights, and have utterly NO intention of doing so in the future. Any prima facie evidence or presumption to the contrary is hereby rebutted. Any past signatures on IRS and SSA forms, statements, etc., were in error and involuntarily made under threat, duress, and coercion. I hereby revoke, cancel and render void, Nunc Pro Tunc, both currently and retroactively to the time of signing, any and all such signatures. I reserve my Common Law right NOT to be compelled to perform under any agreement that I have not entered into knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally.
  21. I am NOT a 26 USC 7203 "person required." I am a "nontaxpayer" outside both general and tangential venue and jurisdiction of Title 26, United States Code.

Pursuant to 28 USC 1746(1) and executed "without the United States," I affirm under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct, to the best of my belief and informed knowledge.

Subscribed, sealed and affirmed to this First day of the First month, 1996. I hereby affix

my own signature to all of the above affirmations with explicit reservation of ALL my unalienable

rights and without prejudice to ANY of those rights (U.C.C. 1-207).

__________________________________________________________________________

Citizen/Principal, by Special Appearance, in Propria Persona, proceeding Sui Juris, with

Assistance, Special, "Without Prejudice" to any of my unalienable rights.

DECLARATION OF THE CAUSES AND NECESSITY OF TAKING UP ARMS,

July 6, 1775

A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms.

If it was possible for men, who exercise their reason to believe, that the divine Author of our existence intended a part of the human race to hold an absolute property in, and an unbounded power over others, marked out by his infinite goodness and wisdom, as the objects of a legal domination never rightfully resistible, however severe and oppressive, the inhabitants of these colonies might at least require from the parliament of Great-Britain some evidence, that this dreadful authority over them, has been granted to that body.

But a reverence for our Creator, principles of humanity, and the dictates of common sense, must convince all those who reflect upon the subject, that government was instituted to promote the welfare of mankind, and ought to be administered for the attainment of that end.

The legislature of Great-Britain, however, stimulated by an inordinate passion for a power not only unjustifiable, but which they know to be peculiarly reprobated by the very constitution of that kingdom, and desparate of success in any mode of contest, where regard should be had to truth, law, or right, have at length, deserting those, attempted to effect their cruel and impolitic purpose of enslaving these colonies by violence, and have thereby rendered it necessary for us to close with their last appeal from reason to arms. Yet, however blinded that assembly may be, by their intemperate rage for unlimited domination, so to sight justice and the opinion of mankind, we esteem ourselves bound by obligations of respect to the rest of the world, to make known the justice of our cause.

Our forefathers, inhabitants of the island of Great-Britain, left their native land, to seek on these shores a residence for civil and religious freedom. At the expense of their blood, at the hazard of their fortunes, without the least charge to the country from which they removed, by unceasing labour, and an unconquerable spirit, they effected settlements in the distant and unhospitable wilds of America, then filled with numerous and warlike barbarians.-Societies or governments, vested with perfect legislatures, were formed under charters from the crown, and an harmonious intercourse was established between the colonies and the kingdom from which they derived their origin.

The mutual benefits of this union became in a short time so extraordinary, as to excite astonishment. It is universally confessed, that the amazing increase of the wealth, strength, and navigation of the realm, arose from this source; and the minister, who so wisely and successfully directed the measures of Great-Britain in the late war, publicly declared, that these colonies enabled her to triumph over her enemies.-Towards the conclusion of that war, it pleased our sovereign to make a change in his counsels.

* From that fatal movement, the affairs of the British empire began to fall into confusion, and gradually sliding from the summit of glorious prosperity, to which they had been advanced by the virtues and abilities of one man, are at length distracted by the convulsions, that now shake it to its deepest foundations.-The new ministry finding the brave foes of Britain, though frequently defeated, yet still contending, took up the unfortunate idea of granting them a hasty peace, and then subduing her faithful friends.

These colonies were judged to be in such a state, as to present victories without bloodshed, and all the easy emoluments of statuteable plunder.-The uninterrupted tenor of their peaceable and respectful behaviour from the beginning of colonization, their dutiful, zealous, and useful services during the war, though so recently and amply acknowledged in the most honourable manner by his majesty, by the late king, and by parliament, could not save them from the meditated innovations.-

Parliament was influenced to adopt the pernicious project, and assuming a new power over them, have in the course of eleven years, given such decisive specimens of the spirit and consequences attending this power, as to leave no doubt concerning the effects of acquiescence under it.

They have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property;

statutes have been passed for extending the jurisdiction of courts of admiralty and vice-admiralty beyond their ancient limits;

for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury,

in cases affecting both life and property;

for suspending the legislature of one of the colonies;

for interdicting all commerce to the capital of another;

and for altering fundamentally the form of government established by charter,

and secured by acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed by the crown;

for exempting the "murderers" of colonists from legal trial, and in effect, from punishment;

for erecting in a neighbouring province, acquired by the joint arms of Great-Britain and America,

a despotism dangerous to our very existence;

and for quartering soldiers upon the colonists in time of profound peace.

It has also been resolved in parliament, that colonists charged with committing certain offences, shall be transported to England to be tried.

But why should we enumerate our injuries in detail? By one statute it is declared, that parliament can "of right make laws to bind us in all cases whatsoever."

What is to defend us against so enormous, so unlimited a power? Not a single man of those who assume it, is chosen by us; or is subject to our control or influence; but, on the contrary, they are all of them exempt from the operation of such laws, and an American revenue, if not diverted from the ostensible purposes for which it is raised, would actually lighten their own burdens in proportion, as they increase ours. We saw the misery to which such despotism would reduce us. We for ten years incessantly and ineffectually besieged the throne as supplicants;

we reasoned,

we remonstrated with parliament, in the most mild and decent language.

Administration sensible that we should regard these oppressive measures as freemen ought to do, sent over fleets and armies to enforce them. The indignation of the Americans was roused, it is true; but it was the indignation of a virtuous, loyal, and affectionate people. A Congress of delegates from the United Colonies was assembled at Philadelphia, on the fifth day of last September. We resolved again to offer an humble and dutiful petition to the King, and also addressed our fellow-subjects of Great-Britain. We have pursued every temperate, every respectful measure; we have even proceeded to break off our commercial intercourse with our fellow-subjects, as the last peaceable admonition, that our attachment to no nation upon earth should supplant our attachment to liberty.-This, we flattered ourselves, was the ultimate step of the controversy: but subsequent events have shewn, how vain was this hope of finding moderation in our enemies.

Several threatening expressions against the colonies were inserted in his majesty's speech; our petition, tho' we were told it was a decent one, and that his majesty had been pleased to receive it graciously, and to promise laying it before his parliament, was huddled into both houses among a bundle of American papers, and there neglected.

The lords and commons in their address, in the month of February, said, that "a rebellion at that time actually existed within the province of Massachusetts-Bay; and that those concerned with it, had been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements, entered into by his majesty's subjects in several of the other colonies; and therefore they besought his majesty, that he would take the most effectual measures to inforce due obediance to the laws and authority of the supreme legislature."-

Soon after, the commercial intercourse of whole colonies, with foreign countries, and with each other, was cut off by an act of parliament; by another several of them were intirely prohibited from the fisheries in the seas near their coasts, on which they always depended for their sustenance; and large reinforcements of ships and troops were immediately sent over to general Gage.

Fruitless were all the entreaties, arguments, and eloquence of an illustrious band of the most distinguished peers, and commoners, who nobly and strenuously asserted the justice of our cause, to stay, or even to mitigate the heedless fury with which these accumulated and unexampled outrages were hurried on.-equally fruitless was the interference of the city of London, of Bristol, and many other respectable towns in our favor.

Parliament adopted an insidious manoeuvre calculated to divide us, to establish a perpetual auction of taxations where colony should bid against colony, all of them uninformed what ransom would redeem their lives;

and thus to extort from us, at the point of the bayonet, the unknown sums that should be sufficient to gratify, if possible to gratify, ministerial rapacity, with the miserable indulgence left to us of raising, in our own mode, the prescribed tribute. What terms more rigid and humiliating could have been dictated by remorseless victors to conquered enemies? in our circumstances to accept them, would be to deserve them.

Soon after the intelligence of these proceedings arrived on this continent, general Gage, who in the course of the last year had taken possession of the town of Boston, in the province of Massachusetts-Bay, and still occupied it a garrison, on the 19th day of April, sent out from that place a large detachment of his army, who made an unprovoked assault on the inhabitants of the said province, at the town of Lexington, as appears by the affidavits of a great number of persons, some of whom were officers and soldiers of that detachment, murdered eight of the inhabitants, and wounded many others.

From thence the troops proceeded in warlike array to the town of Concord, where they set upon another party of the inhabitants of the same province, killing several and wounding more, until compelled to retreat by the country people suddenly assembled to repel this cruel aggression. Hostilities, thus commenced by the British troops, have been since prosecuted by them without regard to faith or reputation.-The inhabitants of Boston being confined within that town by the general their governor, and having, in order to procure their dismission, entered into a treaty with him, it was stipulated that the said inhabitants having deposited their arms with their own magistrate, should have liberty to depart, taking with them their other effects. They accordingly delivered up their arms, but in open violation of honour, in defiance of the obligation of treaties, which even savage nations esteemed sacred, the governor ordered the arms deposited as aforesaid, that they might be preserved for their owners, to be seized by a body of soldiers; detained the greatest part of the inhabitants in the town, and compelled the few who were permitted to retire, to leave their most valuable effects behind.

By this perfidy wives are separated from their husbands, children from their parents, the aged and the sick from their relations and friends, who wish to attend and comfort them; and those who have been used to live in plenty and even elegance, are reduced to deplorable distress.

The general, further emulating his ministerial masters, by a proclamation bearing date on the 12th day of June, after venting the grossest falsehoods and calumnies against the good people of these colonies, proceeds to "declare them all, either by name or description, to be rebels and traitors, to supercede the course of the common law, and instead thereof to publish and order the use and exercise of the law martial."-

His troops have butchered our countrymen, have wantonly burnt Charlestown, besides a considerable number of houses in other places; our ships and vessels are seized; the necessary supplies of provisions are intercepted, and he is exerting his utmost power to spread destruction and devastation around him.

We have received certain intelligence, that general Carleton, the governor of Canada, is instigating the people of that province and the Indians to fall upon us; and we have but too much reason to apprehend, that schemes have been formed to excite domestic enemies against us.

In brief, a part of these colonies now feel, and all of them are sure of feeling, as far as the vengeance of administration can inflict them, the complicated calamities of fire, sword and famine. [1]

We are reduced to the alternative of chusing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force.-The latter is our choice.

Our cause is just. Our union is perfect. Our internal resources are great, and, if necessary, foreign assistance is undoubtedly attainable.-

We gratefully acknowledge, as signal instances of the Divine favour towards us,

that His Providence would not permit us to be called into this severe controversy, until we were grown up to our present strength, had been previously exercised in warlike operation, and possessed of the means of defending ourselves.

With hearts fortified with these animating reflections, we most solemnly, before God and the world, declare, that, exerting the utmost energy of those powers, which our beneficent Creator hath graciously bestowed upon us, the arms we have been compelled by our enemies to assume, we will, in defiance of every hazard, with unabating firmness and perseverence, employ for the preservation of our liberties; being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves.

Lest this declaration should disquiet the minds of our friends and fellow-subjects in any part of the empire, we assure them that we mean not to dissolve that union which has so long and so happily subsisted between us, and which we sincerely wish to see restored.-

Necessity has not yet driven us into that desperate measure, or induced us to excite any other nation to war against them.-We have not raised armies with ambitious designs of separating from Great-Britain, and establishing independent states. We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offence. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death.

In our own native land, in defence of the freedom that is our birthright, and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it-for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our fore-fathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms. We shall lay them down when hostilities shall cease on the part of the aggressors, and all danger of their being renewed shall be removed, and not before.

With an humble confidence in the mercies of the supreme and impartial Judge and Ruler of the Universe, we most devoutly implore his divine goodness to protect us happily through this great conflict, to dispose our adversaries to reconciliation on reasonable terms, and thereby to relieve the empire from the calamities of civil war.

Notes:

[1] From this point onwards thought to be the work of Jefferson.

[2] Journal of Congress, edited 1800, I, pp 134-139

BACKGROUND:

The Second Continental Congress was remarkable for several things, not the least of which was selecting George Washington as the Commander In Chief of the Continental Army being created to fight the British Army assembled at Boston. You will recall that the "Boston Massacre" and events at Lexington, Concord, and Breeds Hill (next to Bunker Hill) had only recently stirred up the fighting in the northeastern colonies. Once the business of creating an army was taken care of, it was deemed necessary to inform the world of the reasons why the colonies had taken up arms. The first attempt at drafting such a declaration was by Thomas Jefferson, but was ruled far too militant. A second attempt was made by Colonel John Dickinson, known for earlier pamphlets in which he called himself "The Farmer". The final result was apparently a combination of both writers.

Strange that Dickinson should create such a document; he was under considerable pressure from both his wife and mother, both Tory sympathizers, and he was no great fan of the New England representatives to the Congress. An incident related in _A New Age Now Begins_, written by Page Smith, marks him as an even more unlikely choice for the writer of such a declaration:

"Dickinson once more had his way when Congress approved still another petition to the king. Dickinson was delighted when it passed and rose to express his pleasure.

There was only one word to which he objected since it might possibly offend His Majesty, and that was the word 'Congress'. Whereupon Benjamin Harrison of Virginia promptly rose and, inclining his head to John Hancock, declared, 'There is but one word in the paper, Mr. President, of which I approve, and that is the word "Congress"."

In any case, above is the complete text of that document published almost exactly a year before the Declaration of Independence.

Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300)

Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public Telecomputing Network.

Supporting Authorities

Ten Commandments of YAHWEH

I AM your Ever-Living God, Who brought you out from the Mitzeraim, from the house of bondage.

There shall be no other God to you, except Myself.

You shall not make for yourselves any image, or likeness of anything that is in the heavens above; or that is upon the earth beneath; or that is in the waters lower than the earth; you shall not worship them or serve them, for I, Your Ever-Living God , am a jealous God, visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate Me; but I show mercy for thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments.

You shall not take the Name of your Ever-Living God in vain, for the Lord will not hold guiltless the taking of His Name in vain..

Remember the seventh day to keep it holy; Six days you may labour, and do all your business, but the seventh day is a Rest to your Ever-Living God.

You shall not then do any business, you, or your son, or your daughter, your manservant, or your maid-servant, or your cattle, or your stranger who is within your gates; for in six ages the Ever-Living made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, be rested at the seventh age; therefore the Ever-Living blessed the seventh day and hallowed it.

Honour your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the Ever-Living God will give you..

Exodus: Chapter Twenty - Ferrar Fenton Bible

This is my Positive Law, all other is foreign and repugnate to the Law of the EverLiving God, Yahweh.

Rights secured by the Colorado Constitution

Section 3. Inalienable rights.

All persons have certain natural, essential and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; of acquiring, possessing and protecting property; and of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness.

Section 4. Religious freedom.

The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever hereafter be guaranteed; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege or capacity, on account of his opinions concerning religion; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace or safety of the state. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship, religious sect or denomination against his consent. Nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship.

Section 6. Equality of justice.

Courts of justice shall be open to every person, and a speedy remedy afforded for every injury to person, property or character; and right and justice should be administered without sale, denial or delay.

Section 7. Security of person and property - searches - seizures - warrants.

The people shall be secure in their persons, papers, homes and effects, from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any place or seize any person or things shall issue without describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to be seized, as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation reduced to writing.

Section 16. Criminal prosecutions - rights of defendant.

In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation; to meet the witnesses against him face to face; to have process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed.

Section 20. Excessive bail, fines or punishment.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Section 25. Due process of law.

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law.

Officers requirements TITLE XII Colorado Constitution

Section 8. Oath of civil officers.

Every civil officer, except members of the general assembly and such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe an oath or affirmation to support the constitution of the united States and of the state of Colorado, and to faithfully perform the duties of the office upon which he shall be about to enter.

Section 9. Oaths - where filed.

Officers of the executive department and judges of the supreme and district courts, and district attorneys, shall file their oaths of office with the secretary of state; every other officer shall file his oath of office with the county clerk of the county wherein he shall have been elected.

The Constitution for the united States of America

Preamble to the united States Constitution

We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish the Constitution of the united States of America.

Article I.

Sect. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Sect. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.

Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years in such manner as they shall be law direct. The number of representative shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New-Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North-Carolina five, South-Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall choose the Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

Sect. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they hall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise during the recess of the legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

Sect. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof: but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall be law appoint a different day.

Sect. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

Sect. 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

Sect. 7. All bill for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representative; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which is shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representative may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the states in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; -And

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the government of the united States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Sect. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety require it.

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States:--And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Sect. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Article II.

Sect. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the united States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows.

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have am equal number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.

The Congress may determine the time of the choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born Citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the president from office, or his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president be elected.

The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States."

Sect. 2. The president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their session.

Sect. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

Sect. 4. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article III.

Sect. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated time, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Sect. 2.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Sect. 3.

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained.

Article IV

Sect. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public act, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sect. 2.

1. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of Citizens in the several States.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Sect. 3. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Sect. 4. The united States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.

Article V.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both House shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided [that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Article;] and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

Article VI.

Sect. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

Sect. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,

shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

Sect. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the united States.

Article VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In Witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.

Attest: William Jackson, Secretary

George Washington

PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY FROM VIRGINIA

AMENDMENTS: The united States Bill of Rights.

The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United StatesPassed by Congress September 25, 1789Ratified December 15, 1791

I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,

or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;

or abridging the freedom of speech,

or of the press,

or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and

to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

II

A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State,

the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

III

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,

V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger;

VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial,

VII

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,

VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required

IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the People.

X

The powers not delegated to the united States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States,

 

Illegitimate Legislation by corrupted "Congress" after the War of 1812

11th Amendment

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

12th Amendment

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for a President, the House of Representative shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of

Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, [before the fourth day of March next following] the Vice President shall act as President, as in case of death, or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as

Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, form the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of

Senators; a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office

of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

[Fraudulent] 13th Amendment

Sect. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Sect. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

14th Amendment

Sect. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Sect. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Sect. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Sect. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Sect. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

15th Amendment

Sect. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sect. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

16th Amendment

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States and without regard to any census or enumeration.

Treason: 17th Amendment

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years;

and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most

numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to

make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as

part of the Constitution.

18th Amendment

Sect. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Sect. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Sect. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years of the date of the submission hereof to the States by Congress.

19th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

20th Amendment

Sect. 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Sect. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every years, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Sect. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not

have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect

shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice

President shall have qualified. Sect. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever

the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Sect. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Sect. 6. This article

shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

21st Amendment

Sect. 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Sect. 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Sect. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within

seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

The Colorado Revised Statutes

2-4-201 – Intentions in the enactment of statutes.

(1) In enacting a statute, it is presumed that:

(a) Compliance with the constitutions of the state of Colorado and the United States is intended;

(b) The entire statute is intended to be effective;

(c) A just and reasonable result is intended;

(d) A result feasible of execution is intended;

(e) Public interest is favored over any private interest.

2-3-802 – Legislative declaration.

The general assembly hereby declares that the purpose of this part 8 is to assist the general assembly by providing for public participation in making an impartial determination of equitable and proper compensation levels for members of the general assembly, justices and judges of the state judicial system, district attorneys, and elected and appointed officials of the executive branch not included in the state personnel system.

22-1-108 - Federal constitution to be taught.

In all public and private schools located within the state of Colorado, there shall be given regular courses of instruction in the constitution of the United States.

2-5-103-Preparation of Colorado Revised Statutes.

(1) In compiling, editing, arranging, and preparing the statutes, the revisor, under the supervision and direction of the committee, shall:

(a) Adopt a uniform system of punctuation, capitalization, and wording;

(b) Eliminate all obsolete and redundant wording of laws;

(c) Correct obvious errors and inconsistencies;

(d) Correct inaccurate references to the titles of officers, departments, or other agencies of the state and to other statutes, and make such other name changes as are necessary to be consistent with the law currently in effect;

(e) Eliminate any duplications in law and any laws repealed directly or by implication; and

(f) Clarify existing laws, modernize terminology, and make such other nonsubstantive changes as the committee considers proper.

(2) The revisor shall make no change in the substance of any statute but may make such changes in arrangement and terminology as will, in the judgment of the committee, improve the style and clarity of the laws, yet preserve the intent, effect, and meaning of each statutory provision.

(3) The revisor, with the approval of the committee, may employ such additional professional and clerical staff, within limits of appropriations, as may be necessary for the preparation and publication of the statutes under this article. In addition, the committee may obtain, by contract, such technical and professional assistance as it deems advisable for the efficient and accurate preparation and publication of such statutes, including but not limited to preparation of annotations and indices.

2-4-211 - Common law of England.

The common law of England so far as the same is applicable and of a general nature, and all acts and statutes of the British parliament, made in aid of or to supply the defects of the common law prior to the fourth year of James the First, excepting the second section of the sixth chapter of forty-third Elizabeth, the eighth chapter of thirteenth Elizabeth, and the ninth chapter of thirty-seventh Henry the Eighth, and which are of a general nature, and not local to that kingdom, shall be the rule of decision, and shall be considered as of full force until repealed by legislative authority

2-4-102 - Singular and plural.

The singular includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular.

2-4-101 - Common and technical usage.

Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage. Words and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be construed accordingly.

 

UNITED STATES CODE

TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 13 - CIVIL RIGHTS

§ 1621. Perjury generally

Whoever -

(1) having taken an oath before a competent tribunal, officer, or person, in any case in which

a law of the United States authorizes an oath to be administered, that he will testify, declare, depose, or certify truly, or that any written testimony, declaration, deposition, or certificate by

him subscribed, is true, willfully and contrary to such oath states or subscribes any material

matter which he does not believe to be true; or

(2) in any declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, United States Code, willfully subscribes as true any material matter which he does not believe to be true; is guilty of perjury and shall, except as otherwise expressly provided by law, be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. This section is applicable whether the statement or subscription is made within or without the United States.

§ 1622. Subornation of perjury

Whoever procures another to commit any perjury is guilty of subornation of perjury, and shall be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

 

§ 1746. Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury

Wherever, under any law of the United States or under any rule, regulation, order, or requirement made pursuant to law, any matter is required or permitted to be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the sworn declaration, verification, certificate, statement, oath, or affidavit, in writing of the person making the same (other than a deposition, or an oath of office, or an oath required to be taken before a specified official other than a notary public), such matter may, with like force and effect, be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the unsworn declaration, certificate, verification, or statement, in writing of such person which is subscribed by him, as true under penalty of perjury, and dated, in substantially the following form:

(1) If executed without the United States: "I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature)".

(2) If executed within the United States, its territories, possessions, or commonwealths: "I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature)". __________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 96 - RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS

§ 1964. Civil remedies

(a) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of section 1962 of this chapter by issuing appropriate orders, including, but not limited to: ordering any person to divest himself of any interest, direct or indirect, in any enterprise; imposing reasonable restrictions on the future activities or investments of any person, including, but not limited to, prohibiting any person from engaging in the same type of endeavor as the enterprise engaged in, the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or ordering dissolution or reorganization of any enterprise, making due provision for the rights of innocent persons.

(b) The Attorney General may institute proceedings under this section. Pending final determination thereof, the court may at any time enter such restraining orders or prohibitions, or take such other actions, including the acceptance of satisfactory performance bonds, as it shall deem proper.

© Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.

(d) A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding brought by the United States under this chapter shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding brought by the United States.

RICO laws - Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations laws.

Federal and state laws designed to investigate, control, and prosecute organized crime. 18 U.S.C.A. 1961 et seq.

Both criminal prosecution and civil actions may be brought under RICO statutes. Federal RICO laws prohibit a person from engaging in activities which affect interstate or foreign

commerce, including:

(1) using income received from a pattern of racketeering to acquire an interest in an enterprise;

(2) acquiring or maintaining an interest in an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering;

(3) conducting or participating in the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering; and,

(4) conspiring to commit any of the above offenses.

To establish a prima facie RICO claim, a civil plaintiff or prosecutor must allege the existence of seven elements:

(1) that the defendants

(2) through the commission of two or more acts

(3) constituting a ‘pattern’

(4) of ‘racketeering activity’

(5) directly or indirectly invests in, or maintains an interest in, or participates in

(6) an ‘enterprise’

(7) the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce." 18 U.S.C.A. ¤ 1962. Moss v. Morgan Stanley, Inc., C.A. N.Y., 719 F.2d 5, 17. See also Pattern of racketeering activity. ""Black’s Law Dictionary 6th Edition

CHAPTER 13 - CIVIL RIGHTS

Sec. 241. Conspiracy against rights

If two or more persons conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person in any State, Territory, or District in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or because of his having so exercised the same; or: If two or more persons go in disguise on the highway, or on the premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege so secured -

They shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, they shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.

Sec. 242. Deprivation of rights under color of law

Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or to different punishments, pains, or penalties, on account of such person being an alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are prescribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.

 

CHAPTER 42 - CIVIL RIGHTS

§ 1983. Civil action for deprivation of rights

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia.

 

§ 1985. Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights

(1) Preventing officer from performing duties

If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire to prevent, by force, intimidation, or threat, any person from accepting or holding any office, trust, or place of confidence under the United States, or from discharging any duties thereof; or to induce by like means any officer of the United States to leave any State, district, or place, where his duties as an officer are required to be performed, or to injure him in his person or property on account of his lawful discharge of the duties of his office, or while engaged in the lawful discharge thereof, or to injure his property so as to molest, interrupt, hinder, or impede him in the discharge of his official duties;

(2) Obstructing justice; intimidating party, witness, or juror

If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire to deter, by force, intimidation, or threat, any party or witness in any court of the United States from attending such court, or from testifying to any matter pending therein, freely, fully, and truthfully, or to injure such party or witness in his person or property on account of his having so attended or testified, or to influence the verdict, presentment, or indictment of any grand or petit juror in any such court, or to injure such juror in his person or property on account of any verdict, presentment, or indictment lawfully assented to by him, or of his being or having been such juror; or if two or more persons conspire for the purpose of impeding, hindering, obstructing, or defeating, in any manner, the due course of justice in any State or Territory, with intent to deny to any citizen the equal protection of the laws, or to injure him or his property for lawfully enforcing, or attempting to enforce, the right of any person, or class of persons, to the equal protection of the laws;

(3) Depriving persons of rights or privileges If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire or go in disguise on the highway or on the premises of another, for the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; or for the purpose of preventing or hindering the constituted authorities of any State or Territory from giving or securing to all persons within such State or Territory the equal protection of the laws; or if two or more persons conspire to prevent by force, intimidation, or threat, any citizen who is lawfully entitled to vote, from giving his support or advocacy in a legal manner, toward or in favor of the election of any lawfully qualified person as an elector for President or Vice President, or as a Member of Congress of the United States; or to injure any citizen in person or property on account of such support or advocacy; in any case of conspiracy set forth in this section, if one or more persons engaged therein do, or cause to be done, any act in furtherance of the object of such conspiracy, whereby another is injured in his person or property, or deprived of having and exercising any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States, the party so injured or deprived may have an action for the recovery of damages occasioned by such injury or deprivation, against any one or more of the conspirators.

§ 1986. Action for neglect to prevent

Every person who, having knowledge that any of the wrongs conspired to be done, and mentioned

in section 1985 of this title, are about to be committed, and having power to prevent or aid in

preventing the commission of the same, neglects or refuses so to do, if such wrongful act be committed, shall be liable to the party injured, or his legal representatives, for all damages caused by such wrongful act, which such person by reasonable diligence could have prevented; and such damages may be recovered in an action on the case; and any number of persons guilty of such wrongful neglect or refusal may be joined as defendants in the action; and if the death of any party be caused by any such wrongful act and neglect, the legal representatives of the deceased shall have such action therefor, and may recover not exceeding $5,000 damages therein, for the benefit of the widow of the deceased, if there be one, and if there be no widow, then for the benefit of the next of kin of the deceased. But no action under the provisions of this section shall be sustained which is not commenced within one year after the cause of action has accrued.

§ 1988. Proceedings in vindication of civil rights

  1. Applicability of statutory and common law
  2. The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters conferred on the district courts by the provisions

    of titles 13, 24, and 70 of the Revised Statutes for the protection of all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and for their vindication, shall be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases where they are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offenses against law, the common law, as modified and changed by the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having jurisdiction of such civil or criminal cause is held, so far as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, shall be extended to and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition of the cause, and, if it is of a criminal nature, in the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.

    (b) Attorney’s fees In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92-318 (20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), the

    Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (42 U.S.C. 2000bb et seq.), or title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.), the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.

    © Expert fees In awarding an attorney’s fee under subsection (b) of this section in any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of section 1981 or 1981a of this title, the court, in its discretion, may include expert fees as part of the attorney’s fee.

    § 2000aa-6. Civil actions by aggrieved persons

    (a) Right of action A person aggrieved by a search for or seizure of materials in violation of this chapter shall have a civil cause of action for damages for such search or seizure -

    (1) against the United States, against a State which has waived its sovereign immunity under the Constitution to a claim for damages resulting from a violation of this chapter, or against any other governmental unit, all of which shall be liable for violations of this chapter by their officers or employees while acting within the scope or under color of their office or employment; and

    (2) against an officer or employee of a State who has violated this chapter while acting within the scope or under color of his office or employment, if such State has not waived its sovereign immunity as provided in paragraph (1). (b) Good faith defense It shall be a complete defense to a civil action brought under paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of this section that the officer or employee had a reasonable good faith belief in the lawfulness of his conduct.

    © Official immunity

    The United States, a State, or any other governmental unit liable for violations of this chapter under subsection (a)(1) of this section, may not assert as a defense to a claim arising under this chapter the immunity of the officer or employee whose violation is complained of or his reasonable good faith belief in the lawfulness of his conduct, except that such a defense may be asserted if the violation complained of is that of a judicial officer.

    (d) Exclusive nature of remedy

    The remedy provided by subsection (a)(1) of this section against the United States, a State, or any other governmental unit is exclusive of any other civil action or proceeding for conduct constituting a violation of this chapter, against the officer or employee whose violation gave rise to the claim, or against the estate of such officer or employee.

    (e) Admissibility of evidence

    Evidence otherwise admissible in a proceeding shall not be excluded on the basis of a violation of this chapter.

    (f) Damages; costs and attorneys’ fees

    A person having a cause of action under this section shall be entitled to recover actual damages but not less than liquidated damages of $1,000, and such reasonable attorneys’ fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred as the court, in its discretion, may award: Provided, however, That the United States, a State, or any other governmental unit shall not be liable for interest prior to judgment.

    (g) Attorney General; claims settlement; regulations

    The Attorney General may settle a claim for damages brought against the United States under this section, and shall promulgate regulations to provide for the commencement of an administrative inquiry following a determination of a violation of this chapter by an officer or employee of the United States and for the imposition of administrative sanctions against such officer or employee, if warranted.

    (h) Jurisdiction

    The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under this section.

     

    F.R.C.P. IX. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS

    Rule 73. Magistrate Judges;

    Trial by Consent and Appeal Options

    (a) Powers; Procedure.

    When specially designated to exercise such jurisdiction by local rule or order of the district court and when all parties consent thereto, a magistrate judge may exercise the authority provided by Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c) and may conduct any or all proceedings, including a jury or nonjury trial, in a civil case. A record of the proceedings shall be made in accordance with the requirements of Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c)(7).

    (b) Consent.

    When a magistrate judge has been designated to exercise civil trial jurisdiction, the clerk shall give written notice to the parties of their opportunity to consent to the exercise by a magistrate judge of civil jurisdiction over the case, as authorized by Title 28, U.S.C. § 636(c). If, within the period specified by local rule, the parties agree to a magistrate judge's exercise of such authority, they shall execute and file a joint form of consent or separate forms of consent setting forth such election.

    A district judge, magistrate judge, or other court official may again advise the parties of the availability of the magistrate judge, but, in so doing, shall also advise the parties that they are free to withhold consent without adverse substantive consequences. A district judge or magistrate judge shall not be informed of a party's response to the clerk's notification, unless all parties have consented to the referral of the matter to a magistrate judge.

    The district judge, for good cause shown on the judge's own initiative, or under extraordinary circumstances shown by a party, may vacate a reference of a civil matter to a magistrate judge under this subdivision.

     

    War Powers Act Public Law 93-148

    93rd Congress, H. J. Res. 542 November 7, 1973

    Joint Resolution Concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.

    Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

    SHORT TITLE

    SECTION 1. This joint resolution may be cited as the "War Powers Resolution".

    PURPOSE AND POLICY

    SEC. 2. (a) It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicate by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such situations.

    (b) Under article I, section 8, of the Constitution, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

    © The constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to (1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces.

    CONSULTATION

    SEC. 3. The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations.

    REPORTING

    Sec. 4.

    (a) In the absence of a declaration of war, in any case in which United States Armed Forces are introduced--

    (1) into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances;

    (2) into the territory, airspace or waters of a foreign nation, while equipped for combat, except for deployments which relate solely to supply, replacement, repair, or training of such forces; or

    (3) in numbers which substantially enlarge United States Armed Forces equipped for combat already located in a foreign nation; the president shall submit within 48 hours to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate a report, in writing, setting forth--

    (A) the circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces;

    (B) the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place; and the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement.

  3. The President shall provide such other information as the Congress may request in the fulfillment of its constitutional responsibilities with respect to committing the Nation to war and to the use of United States Armed Forces abroad Whenever United States Armed Forces are introduced into hostilities or into any situation described in subsection (a) of this section, the President shall, so long as such armed forces continue to be engaged in such hostilities or situation, report to the Congress periodically on the status of such hostilities or situation as well as on the scope and duration of such hostilities or situation, but in no event shall he report to the Congress less often than once every six months.

CONGRESSIONAL ACTION SEC. 5. (a) Each report submitted pursuant to section 4(a)(1) shall be transmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate on the same calendar day. Each report so transmitted shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate for appropriate action. If, when the report is transmitted, the Congress has adjourned sine die or has adjourned for any period in excess of three calendar days, the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate, if they deem it advisable (or if petitioned by at least 30 percent of the membership of their respective Houses) shall jointly request the President to convene Congress in order that it may consider the report and take appropriate action pursuant to this section.(b) Within sixty calendar days after a report is submitted or is required to be submitted pursuant to section 4(a)(1), whichever is earlier, the President shall terminate any use of Untied States Armed Forces with respect to which such report was submitted (or required to be submitted), unless the Congress (1) has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of United States Armed Forces, (2) has extended by law such sixty-day period, or (3) is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. Such sixty-day period shall be extended for not more than an additional thirty days if the President determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces. © Notwithstanding subsection (b), at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution.

CONGRESSIONAL PRIORITY PROCEDURES FOR JOINT RESOLUTION OR BILL

SEC. 6. (a) Any joint resolution or bill introduced pursuant to section

(b) at least thirty calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day

period specified in such section shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, as the case may be, and such committee shall report one such joint resolution or bill, together with its recommendations, not later than twenty-four calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in such section, unless such House shall otherwise determine by the yeas and nays.

(b) Any joint resolution or bill so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question (in the case of the Senate the time for debate shall be equally divided between the proponents and the opponents), and shall be voted on within three calendar days thereafter, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

© Such a joint resolution or bill passed by one House shall be referred to the committee of the other House named in subsection (a) and shall be reported out not later than fourteen calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in section 5(b). The joint resolution or bill so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question and shall be voted on within three calendar days after it has been reported, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(d) In the case of any disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with respect to a joint resolution or bill passed by both Houses, conferees shall be promptly appointed and the committee of conference shall make and file a report with respect to such resolution or bill not later than four calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in section 5(b). In the event the conferees are unable to agree within 48 hours, they shall report back to their respective Houses in disagreement. Notwithstanding any rule in either House concerning the printing of conference reports in the Record or concerning any delay in the consideration of such reports, such report shall be acted on by both Houses not later than the expiration of such sixty-day period.

CONGRESSIONAL PRIORITY PROCEDURES FOR CONCURRENT RESOLUTION

SEC. 7.

(a) Any concurrent resolution introduced pursuant to section 5(b) at least thirty calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in such section shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, as the case may be, and one such concurrent resolution shall be reported out by such committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar days, unless such House shall otherwise determine by the yeas and nays.

(b) Any concurrent resolution so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question (in the case of the Senate the time for debate shall be equally divided between the proponents and the opponents), and shall be voted on within three calendar days thereafter, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

© Such a concurrent resolution passed by one House shall be referred to the committee of the other House named in subsection (a) and shall be reported out by such committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar days and shall thereupon become the pending business of such House and shall be voted on within three calendar days after it has been reported, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(d) In the case of any disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with respect to a concurrent resolution passed by both Houses, conferees shall be promptly appointed and the committee of conference shall make and file a report with respect to such concurrent resolution within six calendar days after the legislation is referred to the committee of conference.

Notwithstanding any rule in either House concerning the printing of conference reports in the Record or concerning any delay in the consideration of such reports, such report shall be acted on by both Houses not later than six calendar days after the conference report is filed. In the event the conferees are unable to agree within 48 hours, they shall report back to their respective Houses in disagreement.

INTERPRETATION OF JOINT RESOLUTION

SEC. 8. (a) Authority to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances shall not be inferred—

(1) from any provision of law (whether or not in effect before the date of the enactment of this joint resolution), including any provision contained in any appropriation Act, unless such provision specifically authorizes the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into such situations and stating that it is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution; or

(2) from any treaty heretofore or hereafter ratified unless such treaty is implemented by legislation specifically authorizing the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into such situations and stating that it is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution.

(b) Nothing in this joint resolution shall be construed to require any further specific statutory authorization to permit members of United States Armed Forces to participate jointly with members of the armed forces of one or more foreign countries in the headquarters operations of high-level military commands which were established prior to the date of enactment of this joint resolution and pursuant to the United Nations Charter or any treaty ratified by the United States prior to such date.

© For purposes of this joint resolution, the term "introduction of United States Armed Forces" includes the assignment of member of such armed forces to command, coordinate, participate in the movement of, or accompany the regular or irregular military forces of any foreign country or government when such military forces are engaged, or there exists an imminent threat that such forces will become engaged, in hostilities.

(d) Nothing in this joint resolution--

(1) is intended to alter the constitutional authority of the Congress or of the President, or the provision of existing treaties; or

(2) shall be construed as granting any authority to the President with respect to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances which authority he would not have had in the absence of this joint resolution.

SEPARABILITY CLAUSE

SEC. 9.

If any provision of this joint resolution or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the joint resolution and the application of such provision to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.

EFFECTIVE DATE

SEC. 10. This joint resolution shall take effect on the date of its enactment.

CARL ALBERT Speaker of the House of Representatives.

JAMES O. EASTLAND President of the Senate pro tempore.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, U.S.,

November 7, 1973.The House of Representatives having proceeded to reconsider the resolution (H. J. Res 542) entitled "Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President", returned by the President of the United States with his objections, to the House of Representatives, in which it originated, it was

Resolved, That the said resolution pass, two-thirds of the House of

Representatives agreeing to pass the same.

Attest: W. PAT JENNINGS Clerk.

I certify that this Joint Resolution originated in the House of Representatives.

W. PAT JENNINGS Clerk.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES November 7, 1973

The Senate having proceeded to reconsider the joint resolution (H. J. Res. 542) entitled "Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President", returned by the President of the United States with his objections to the House of Representatives, in which it originate, it was Resolved, That the said joint resolution pass, two-thirds of the Senators present having voted in the affirmative.

Attest: FRANCIS R. VALEO Secretary.

Quotes: the Founding Fathers

"Patriotism means to stand by the country. It does not mean to stand by the president or any public official, save exactly to the degree he himself stands by the country." Theodore Roosevelt

"In the beginning of a change, the patriot is a scarce man and brave, hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds however, the timid join him, for then it costs nothing to be a patriot." Mark Twain

"I am only one, but I am one. I cannot do everything, but I can do something. What I can do I should do and, with the help of God, I will do." Everett Hale

"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in the crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; 'tis dearness only that gives everything it's value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price on it's goods; and it would be strange indeed, if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated." Thomas Paine

"It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!" Patrick Henry

AND OTHERS

"If you will not fight for right when you can easily win without blood shed; if you will not fight when your victory is sure and not too costly; you may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all the odds against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may even be a worse case. You may have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish than to live as slaves." Winston Churchill

 

Sources of Information – Essays fully reproduced

"THE REAL THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT"

"RULE OF LAW COMMITTEE"

Esquires

By John E. Trumane - all rights reserved

As the story goes, there is a painting somewhere in the vast hallways of the Smithsonian museum which shows British soldiers boarding a sailing ship, muskets in hand. The ship is in an American port, and the soldiers are returning home after the War of 1812.

There is a problem with this picture which may not be immediately apparent to the casual viewer. Our history books tell us that the British lost that war. History should also tell us that the winners in a war usually (but not always) take the guns away from the other side. So, why were these British soldiers boarding their warship, guns in hand?

The answer to that question was provided to me by a common law judge in the California Republic. He had recently presided over a jury trial in which "titles of nobility" were the issue. The jury was presented with evidence and arguments that the "real" 13th Amendment did not ban slavery after the Civil War. That amendment was really the 14th Amendment.

The "real" 13th Amendment was ratified by three-fourths of the Union states before the War of 1812. It placed into the U.S. Constitution a specific ban against titles of nobility, and defined a penalty for those who accepted such titles. That penalty was a loss of citizenship and a loss of eligibility for public office.

My friend, the common law judge, explained to me that the jury had reached a unanimous verdict that the ban on titles of nobility had, indeed, been duly ratified as a lawful amendment to the Constitution for the United States of America. By banning titles of nobility and defining the penalty for using them, the real 13th Amendment was specifically intended to keep bar members out of public offices throughout America.

You may recall that the qualifications for serving in the White House, the Senate, and the House of Representatives all have one thing in common: the would-be official must be a "Citizen of the United States." Since the 14th (15th?) amendment did not appear until 1868, the term "United States" in these provisions means "States United," and "Citizen of the United States" means "Citizen of one of the States United."

The U.S. Constitution thus contains a specific prohibition against titles of nobility, and a specific penalty for their use, i.e., the loss of citizenship and disability from holding public office. The loss of citizenship means that a Person who was born or naturalized a Citizen would lose that status and thereby become an "alien" with respect to the United State